Abstract

This study investigates the barriers to women's economic empowerment in sustainable tourism in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Using a hybrid qualitative design, it integrates expert consensus through the Delphi method, stakeholder prioritisation via Q-Sort, and thematic analysis of qualitative responses. The findings reveal five core barriers: financial exclusion, limited skills and training, institutional invisibility, gendered cultural norms, and divergent perspectives between policymakers and local actors. Interpreted through intersectionality theory, institutional theory, the capability approach, and social capital theory, the results highlight how structural and institutional conditions intersect to restrict women's agency. The study contributes to the literature by grounding theoretical analysis in local realities and identifying gaps between formal empowerment efforts and lived experiences. Policy recommendations emphasise the need for inclusive financial instruments, context-sensitive training, and participatory governance. This research advances the understanding of gendered exclusion in tourism and offers practical insights for designing equitable, community-based development interventions.

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