Abstract

Essential public services are basic services that must be provided by the state to ensure the fulfillment of fundamental community needs, such as health, education, security, clean water, and population administration. The quality of essential public services is a key indicator of successful governance, as it is directly related to the welfare and protection of citizens' rights. This study aimsDescribe the concept and dimensions of employee performance relevant to essential public service organizations, Identify and synthesize the determinants of employee performance in the fire department, hospital, and PDAM sectors based on a literature review, Analyze the relevance and application of the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) framework and the individual performance framework to explain employee performance in these sectors, Develop a cross-sector conceptual framework on the determinants of employee performance that can be used as a basis for empirical research and development of performance management policies.This study found that the main challenges lie in limited resources, inter-agency coordination, and low transparency and accountability. To address these issues, bureaucratic reform is needed that focuses on digitizing services, increasing the capacity of civil servants, and strengthening performance evaluation mechanisms. The results of this study are expected tobecome a reference for policy makers and managers in public service organizations in designing more targeted performance improvement interventions, for example related to workload design, provision of work resources, leadership patterns, reward systems, and performance measurement mechanisms.

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