Abstract

Abstract Local wool fibers from East Java have a potential development as textile functional due to its rough fiber surface and pore structure, warmth and durability; however, its keratin protein content and hygroscopic properties promote bacterial growth, leading to reduced hygiene and usability. To address this issue, this study explores the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using lerak ( Sapindus rarak ) fruit extract and their application as antibacterial coatings on East Java-wool fibers. The biosynthesized ZnO NPs were characterized using UV–Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and XRD, confirming the formation of hexagonal ZnO nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of 12.2 nm and successful attachment onto wool fibers. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . Wool fibers coated with ZnO NPs synthesized from S. Rarak extract exhibited strong antibacterial effects, with inhibition zones up to 15 mm, particularly against S. aureus . The results demonstrate that the synergistic effect of ZnO NPs and bioactive compounds in S. rarak extract significantly enhances antibacterial performance. This eco-friendly approach not only improves the hygienic quality of East Java-wool fibers but also highlights the reduction of environmental burden associated with conventional chemical synthesis and supports sustainable development in functional textile applications.

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