Abstract
ABSTRAK The low level of higher-order thinking skills among students in Pancasila Education classes is one of the challenges in the learning process at school. Students still tend to be passive and lack the ability to analyze, evaluate, and create solutions to problems related to daily life. The learning process is still dominated by lecture methods and the use of limited media, resulting in suboptimal student engagement. A learning model capable of enhancing students’ higher-order thinking skills through active and contextual learning is urgently needed. This study aims to improve students’ higher-order thinking skills through the application of a Problem-Based Learning model supported by audio-visual media in the Pancasila Education subject for class X-5 at SMAN 4 Mataram. This study is a Classroom Action Research conducted in three cycles, where each cycle consists of planning, action, observation, and reflection stages. The research subjects consisted of 36 students. Data collection techniques were conducted through observation and essay tests based on Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). The results of the study showed that the implementation of learning improved from 56.7% to 86.7%, while learning achievement increased from 52.78% to 86.11%. The application of the Problem-Based Learning model supported by audiovisual media was proven to be able to improve students’ higher-order thinking skills. Keywords: Problem Based Learning; Higher Order Thinking Skills; audio-visual